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Ubuntu18.04Server版安裝及使用(圖文)
1 系統(tǒng)安裝操作步驟
站在用戶的角度思考問題，與客戶深入溝通，找到潁東網(wǎng)站設計與潁東網(wǎng)站推廣的解決方案，憑借多年的經驗，讓設計與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術結合，創(chuàng)造個性化、用戶體驗好的作品，建站類型包括：成都網(wǎng)站制作、成都做網(wǎng)站、外貿營銷網(wǎng)站建設、企業(yè)官網(wǎng)、英文網(wǎng)站、手機端網(wǎng)站、網(wǎng)站推廣、主機域名、網(wǎng)絡空間、企業(yè)郵箱。業(yè)務覆蓋潁東地區(qū)。
OS Version:1804
鏡像下載：http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/
1.1 選擇安裝語言：
1.2 安裝界面選擇第一項進行系統(tǒng)安裝
1.3 選擇安裝過程中使用的語言，也是系統(tǒng)安裝完后使用的默認語言
1.4 選擇地區(qū)，這里先選擇最后一項other，然后回車再選擇Asia，最后選擇China
1.5 選擇語言環(huán)境
1.6 鍵盤布局檢查，選擇NO
1.7 選擇美式鍵盤
1.8 確認使用美式鍵盤
1.9 配置主機名
1.10 創(chuàng)建一個普通用戶和為其設置密碼
1.11 確認時區(qū)
1.12 選擇磁盤分區(qū)的方法，這里選手動分區(qū)
1.13 選擇磁盤
1.14 確認對磁盤分區(qū)
1.15 對磁盤分區(qū)
1.16 創(chuàng)建新分區(qū)
1.17 指定分區(qū)大小，這里將磁盤的全部大小劃分給該分區(qū)
1.18 選擇分區(qū)類型，這里選主分區(qū)
1.19 分區(qū)完成
1.20 完成分區(qū)并寫入數(shù)據(jù)
1.21 確認寫入磁盤
1.22 是否使用代理，這里不填
1.23 是否自動更新，這里選擇默認，不自動更新
1.24 選擇安裝組件，選擇對應需要安裝的組件，然后按空格鍵，這里選擇OpenSSH server
1.25 將GRUB引導加載程序安裝到主引導記錄
1.26 完成安裝，確認重啟服務器
1.27 登錄系統(tǒng)
2 系統(tǒng)基礎配置
官方文檔：https://help.ubuntu.com/
2.1 更改主機名
# cat /etc/hostname hechunping
2.2 更改網(wǎng)卡名稱為eth*
# sed -i '/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=/s/"$/net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0"/' /etc/default/grub # update-grub Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub' Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-55-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-55-generic done # reboot # sed -i 's/ens33/eth0/' /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
2.3 配置root遠程登錄
# 默認情況下，ubuntu不允許root??遠程ssh，如果有實際場景需要允許root??遠程ssh，則需要設置root密碼，并且編輯/etc/ssh/sshd_config?件修改如下： ~$ sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config 32 #PermitRootLogin prohibit-password #默認為禁?登錄 33 PermitRootLogin yes #改為允許登錄 57 #PasswordAuthentication yes 58 PasswordAuthentication yes #打開密碼認證，其實默認就是允許通過密碼認證登錄 ~$ sudo su - root #切換到root??環(huán)境 ~# passwd #設置密碼 Enter new UNIX password: Retype new UNIX password: passwd: password updated successfully ~# systemctl restart sshd #重啟ssh服務并測試root??遠程ssh連接
2.4 網(wǎng)絡配置
官方文檔：https://netplan.io/ Ubuntu 從 17.10 開始，已放棄在 /etc/network/interfaces ?固定IP的配置，?是改成 netplan ?式，配置?件是：/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml # ubuntu 17.04及之前的靜態(tài)IP配置?式： ~# cat /etc/network/interfaces root@hechunping:~# cat /etc/network/interfaces # interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8) auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto eth0 #?卡?啟動，寫??要配置IP的實際?卡名稱 iface eth0 inet static #配置靜態(tài)IP，寫??要配置IP的實際?卡名稱 address 172.18.3.12 #IP地址 netmask 255.255.0.0 #掩碼 gateway 172.18.0.1 #?關 dns-nameservers 223.6.6.6 #DNS dns-nameservers 223.5.5.5 #重啟?絡服務 ~# /etc/init.d/networking restart ~# systemctl restart networking.service
2.4.1 單網(wǎng)卡靜態(tài)IP地址
root@hechunping:~# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version: 2
renderer: networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4: no
addresses: [192.168.7.132/24]
gateway4: 192.168.7.2
nameservers:
addresses: [223.6.6.6]
root@hechunping:~# netplan apply2.4.2 配置多網(wǎng)卡靜態(tài)IP
# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version: 2
renderer: networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4: no
addresses: [172.20.7.34/16]
gateway4: 172.20.0.1
nameservers:
addresses: [223.6.6.6]
eth1:
dhcp4: no
addresses: [192.168.7.34/24]
routes:
- to: 172.20.0.0/16
via: 192.168.7.2
# netplan apply2.4.3 單網(wǎng)卡橋接
# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version: 2
renderer: networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4: no
bridges:
br0:
dhcp4: no
addresses: [172.20.7.34/16]
gateway4: 172.20.0.1
nameservers:
addresses: [223.6.6.6]
interfaces:
- eth0
# netplan apply2.4.4 多網(wǎng)卡橋接
將br0和br1分別橋接到eth0和eth1。
# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version: 2
renderer: networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4: no
eth1:
dhcp4: no
bridges:
br0:
dhcp4: no
addresses: [172.20.7.34/16]
gateway4: 172.20.0.1
nameservers:
addresses: [223.6.6.6]
interfaces:
- eth0
br1:
dhcp4: no
addresses: [192.168.7.34/24]
routes:
- to: 172.20.0.0/16
via: 192.168.7.2
interfaces:
- eth1
root@hechunping:~# netplan apply2.4.5 雙網(wǎng)卡綁定
需要提前安裝好bridge命令，兩塊網(wǎng)卡使用同一種網(wǎng)絡模式
# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version: 2
renderer: networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4: no
eth1:
dhcp4: no
bonds:
bond0:
interfaces:
- eth0
- eth1
addresses: [172.20.7.34/16]
gateway4: 172.20.0.1
nameservers:
addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
parameters:
mode: active-backup
mii-monitor-interval: 100
# poweroff
# netplan apply2.4.6 雙網(wǎng)卡綁定+橋接
?卡綁定?于提供?卡接?冗余以及?可?和端?聚合功能，橋接?卡再給需要橋接設備的服務使?。
# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version: 2
renderer: networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4: no
eth1:
dhcp4: no
bonds:
bond0:
interfaces:
- eth0
- eth1
parameters:
mode: active-backup
mii-monitor-interval: 100
bridges:
br0:
dhcp4: no
addresses: [172.20.7.34/16]
gateway4: 172.20.0.1
nameservers:
addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
interfaces:
- bond0
# netplan apply2.4.7 內外多網(wǎng)卡綁定
多?絡情況下實現(xiàn)?卡綁定。這里使用橋接(eth0,eth1)和NAT(eth2,eth3)兩種網(wǎng)絡模式
# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version: 2
renderer: networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4: no
eth1:
dhcp4: no
eth2:
dhcp4: no
eth3:
dhcp4: no
bonds:
bond0:
interfaces:
- eth0
- eth1
addresses: [172.20.7.34/16]
gateway4: 172.20.0.1
nameservers:
addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
parameters:
mode: active-backup
mii-monitor-interval: 100
bond1:
interfaces:
- eth2
- eth3
addresses: [192.168.7.34/24]
parameters:
mode: active-backup
mii-monitor-interval: 100
routes:
- to: 172.20.0.0/16
via: 192.168.7.2
# netplan apply2.4.8 內外多網(wǎng)卡綁定+橋接
# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version: 2
renderer: networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4: no
eth1:
dhcp4: no
eth2:
dhcp4: no
eth3:
dhcp4: no
bonds:
bond0:
interfaces:
- eth0
- eth1
parameters:
mode: active-backup
mii-monitor-interval: 100
bond1:
interfaces:
- eth2
- eth3
parameters:
mode: active-backup
mii-monitor-interval: 100
bridges:
br0:
dhcp4: no
addresses: [172.20.7.34/16]
gateway4: 172.20.0.1
nameservers:
addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
interfaces:
- bond0
br1:
dhcp4: no
addresses: [192.168.7.34/24]
routes:
- to: 172.20.0.0/16
via: 192.168.7.2
interfaces:
- bond1
# netplan apply3 軟件包管理
3.1 修改軟件倉庫地址
阿?云倉庫地址：https://developer.aliyun.com/mirror 中科?：http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/help/ubuntu.html 清華?學：https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/ubuntu/ 華為：https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ ###### 清華源配置 ###### Ubuntu 的軟件源配置文件是 /etc/apt/sources.list。將系統(tǒng)自帶的該文件做個備份，將該文件替換為下面內容，即可使用 TUNA 的軟件源鏡像。 # cd /etc/apt/ # cp -p sources.list sources.list.bak # vim sources.list # 默認注釋了源碼鏡像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注釋 deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse # 預發(fā)布軟件源，不建議啟用 # deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse # apt update #更新本地軟件包列表索引，修改了apt倉庫后必須執(zhí)? ###### 阿里源配置 ###### # sed -i 's/cn.archive.ubuntu/mirrors.aliyun/' /etc/apt/sources.list # apt update #更新本地軟件包列表索引，修改了apt倉庫后必須執(zhí)?
3.2 apt工具使用
apt list #apt列出倉庫軟件包，等于yum list apt search NAME #搜索安裝包 apt show apache2 #查看某個安裝包的詳細信息 apt install apache2 #在線安裝軟件包 apt remove apache2 #卸載單個軟件包但是保留配置?件 apt autoremove apache2 #刪除安裝包并解決依賴關系 apt update #更新本地軟件包列表索引，修改了apt倉庫后必須執(zhí)? apt purge apache2 #卸載單個軟件包刪除配置?件 apt upgrade #升級所有已安裝且可升級到新版本的軟件包 apt full-upgrade #升級整個系統(tǒng)，必要時可以移除舊軟件包。 apt edit-sources #編輯source源?件 apt-cache madison nginx #查看倉庫中軟件包有哪些版本可以安裝 apt install nginx=1.14.0-0ubuntu1.6 #安裝軟件包的時候指定安裝具體的版本
3.3 dpkg安裝包管理
rpm：RPM(Red Hat Package Manager)，是基于Red hat的Linux Distribution的包管理系統(tǒng)，同時也指rpm包本?，RPM?于rpm包的管理（諸如安裝、卸載、升級等） "dpkg "是"Debian Packager "的簡寫,為 "Debian"專?開發(fā)的套件管理系統(tǒng)，?便軟件的安裝、更新及移除。所有源?“Debian”的“Linux ”發(fā)?版都使? “dpkg”，例如 “Ubuntu”、“Knoppix ”等。 dpkg -i gitlab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb #安裝某個軟件包 dpkg -r gitlab-ce #刪除某個軟件包保留配置?件 dpkg -r -P gitlab-ce #刪除某個軟件包不保留配置?件 dpkg -I gitlab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb #查看軟件包信息 dpkg -c gitlab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb #查看軟件包內的?件及?錄內容 dpkg -l #列出本機已經安裝的所有軟件
3.4 設置oracle JDK環(huán)境
# pwd /usr/local/src 解壓?進制?件并設置軟連接： # tar xf jdk-8u212-linux-x64.tar.gz # ln -sv /usr/local/src/jdk1.8.0_212 /usr/local/jdk 配置環(huán)境變量： # vim /etc/profile export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$JAVA_HOME/jre/bin:$PATH export CLASSPATH=.$CLASSPATH:$JAVA_HOME/lib:$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar 重新導?環(huán)境變量并驗證： # source /etc/profile # java -version java version "1.8.0_212" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_212-b10) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.212-b10, mixed mode)
3.5 安裝OpenJDK
# apt install openjdk-8-jdk
3.6 安裝常?系統(tǒng)命令
# apt purge ufw lxd lxd-client lxcfs lxc-common # apt install iproute2 ntpdate tcpdump telnet traceroute nfs-kernel-server nfs-common lrzsz tree openssl libssl-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zlib1g-dev ntpdate tcpdump telnet traceroute gcc openssh-server lrzsz tree openssl libssl-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zlib1g-dev ntpdate tcpdump telnet traceroute iotop unzip zip
3.7 系統(tǒng)資源限制優(yōu)化
#cat /etc/security/limits.conf #root賬?的資源軟限制和硬限制 root soft core unlimited root hard core unlimited root soft nproc 1000000 root hard nproc 1000000 root soft nofile 1000000 root hard nofile 1000000 root soft memlock 32000 root hard memlock 32000 root soft msgqueue 8192000 root hard msgqueue 8192000 #其他賬?的資源軟限制和硬限制 * soft core unlimited * hard core unlimited * soft nproc 1000000 * hard nproc 1000000 * soft nofile 1000000 * hard nofile 1000000 * soft memlock 32000 * hard memlock 32000 * soft msgqueue 8192000 * hard msgqueue 8192000
3.8e 內核參數(shù)優(yōu)化
# Controls source route verification net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1 net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind = 1 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 # Do not accept source routing net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 # Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel kernel.sysrq = 0 # Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename. # Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications. kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 # Controls the use of TCP syncookies net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 # Disable netfilter on bridges. net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0 # Controls the default maxmimum size of a mesage queue kernel.msgmnb = 65536 # # Controls the maximum size of a message, in bytes kernel.msgmax = 65536 # Controls the maximum shared segment size, in bytes kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 # # Controls the maximum number of shared memory segments, in pages kernel.shmall = 4294967296 # TCP kernel paramater net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 786432 1048576 1572864 net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 4194304 net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 16384 4194304 net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1 # socket buffer net.core.wmem_default = 8388608 net.core.rmem_default = 8388608 net.core.rmem_max = 16777216 net.core.wmem_max = 16777216 net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 262144 net.core.somaxconn = 20480 net.core.optmem_max = 81920 # TCP conn net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 262144 net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 3 net.ipv4.tcp_retries1 = 3 net.ipv4.tcp_retries2 = 15 # tcp conn reuse net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 20000 net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800 net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 # keepalive conn net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 300 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 30 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 3 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 10001 65000 # swap vm.overcommit_memory = 0 vm.swappiness = 10 #net.ipv4.conf.eth1.rp_filter = 0 #net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_ignore = 1 #net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_announce = 2 #net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore = 1 #net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2
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新聞名稱：Ubuntu18.04Server版安裝及使用(圖文)
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