PostgreSQL 語(yǔ)法

默認(rèn)情況下 PostgreSQL 安裝完成后，自帶了一個(gè)命令行工具 SQL Shell(psql)。

Linux 系統(tǒng)可以直接切換到 postgres 用戶(hù)來(lái)開(kāi)啟命令行工具：

#  sudo -i -u postgres

Windows 系統(tǒng)一般在它的安裝目錄下：

Program Files → PostgreSQL 11.3 → SQL Shell(psql)

Mac OS 我們直接搜索就可以了找到：

進(jìn)入命令行工具，我們可以使用 \help 來(lái)查看各個(gè)命令的語(yǔ)法 ：

postgres-# \help 

例如，我們查看下 select 語(yǔ)句的語(yǔ)法：

postgres=# \help SELECT
Command:     SELECT
Description: retrieve rows from a table or view
Syntax:
[ WITH [ RECURSIVE ] with_query [, ...] ]
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
    [ * | expression [ [ AS ] output_name ] [, ...] ]
    [ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
    [ WHERE condition ]
    [ GROUP BY grouping_element [, ...] ]
    [ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
    [ WINDOW window_name AS ( window_definition ) [, ...] ]
    [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL | DISTINCT ] select ]
    [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] ]
    [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
    [ OFFSET start [ ROW | ROWS ] ]
    [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]
    [ FOR { UPDATE | NO KEY UPDATE | SHARE | KEY SHARE } [ OF table_name [, ...] ] [ NOWAIT | SKIP LOCKED ] [...] ]

from_item 可以是以下選項(xiàng)之一：

    [ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]

---

SQL 語(yǔ)句

一個(gè) SQL 語(yǔ)句通常包含了關(guān)鍵字、標(biāo)識(shí)符（字段）、常量、特殊符號(hào)等，下面是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的 SQL 語(yǔ)句：

SELECT id, name FROM runoob

	SELECT	id, name	FROM	runoob
符號(hào)類(lèi)型	關(guān)鍵字	標(biāo)識(shí)符（字段）	關(guān)鍵字	標(biāo)識(shí)符
描述	命令	id 和 name 字段	語(yǔ)句，用于設(shè)置條件規(guī)則等	表名

---

PostgreSQL 命令

ABORT

ABORT 用于退出當(dāng)前事務(wù)。

ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ALTER AGGREGATE

修改一個(gè)聚集函數(shù)的定義 。

ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) SET SCHEMA _new_schema_

ALTER COLLATION

修改一個(gè)排序規(guī)則定義 。

ALTER COLLATION _name_ RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ SET SCHEMA _new_schema_

ALTER CONVERSION

修改一個(gè)編碼轉(zhuǎn)換的定義。

ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DATABASE

修改一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。

ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES

定義默認(rèn)的訪(fǎng)問(wèn)權(quán)限。

ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
    [ FOR { ROLE | USER } target_role [, ...] ]
    [ IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] ]
    abbreviated_grant_or_revoke

where abbreviated_grant_or_revoke is one of:

GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
    [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON TABLES
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
...

ALTER DOMAIN

修改一個(gè)域的定義。

ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT }
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint
ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER FUNCTION

修改一個(gè)函數(shù)的定義。

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER GROUP

修改一個(gè)用戶(hù)組。

ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name

ALTER INDEX

修改一個(gè)索引的定義。

ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name
ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER LANGUAGE

修改一個(gè)過(guò)程語(yǔ)言的定義。

ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER OPERATOR

改變一個(gè)操作符的定義。

ALTER OPERATOR name ( { lefttype | NONE }, { righttype | NONE } )
OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS

修改一個(gè)操作符表的定義。

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SCHEMA

修改一個(gè)模式的定義。

ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SEQUENCE

修改一個(gè)序列生成器的定義。

ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

ALTER TABLE

修改表的定義。

ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
action [, ... ]
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column
ALTER TABLE name
RENAME TO new_name

其中 action 可以是以選項(xiàng)之一：

ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN }
ADD table_constraint
DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
CLUSTER ON index_name
SET WITHOUT CLUSTER
SET WITHOUT OIDS
OWNER TO new_owner
SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name

ALTER TABLESPACE

修改一個(gè)表空間的定義。

ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER TRIGGER

修改改變一個(gè)觸發(fā)器的定義 。

ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name

ALTER TYPE

修改一個(gè)類(lèi)型的定義 。

ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER USER

修改數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)用戶(hù)帳號(hào) 。

ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER USER name RESET parameter

Where option can be ?

[ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| VALID UNTIL 'abstime'

ANALYZE

收集與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)有關(guān)的統(tǒng)計(jì)。

ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]

BEGIN

開(kāi)始一個(gè)事務(wù)塊。

BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]

transaction_mode 可以是以下選項(xiàng)之一：

ISOLATION LEVEL { 
   SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
   | READ UNCOMMITTED
}
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

CHECKPOINT

強(qiáng)制一個(gè)事務(wù)日志檢查點(diǎn) 。

CHECKPOINT

CLOSE

關(guān)閉游標(biāo)。

CLOSE name

CLUSTER

根據(jù)一個(gè)索引對(duì)某個(gè)表盤(pán)簇化排序。

CLUSTER index_name ON table_name
CLUSTER table_name
CLUSTER

COMMENT

定義或者改變一個(gè)對(duì)象的注釋。

COMMENT ON {
   TABLE object_name |
   COLUMN table_name.column_name |
   AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) |
   CAST (source_type AS target_type) |
   CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name |
   CONVERSION object_name |
   DATABASE object_name |
   DOMAIN object_name |
   FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) |
   INDEX object_name |
   LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid |
   OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) |
   OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
   [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name |
   RULE rule_name ON table_name |
   SCHEMA object_name |
   SEQUENCE object_name |
   TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name |
   TYPE object_name |
   VIEW object_name
} 
IS 'text'

COMMIT

提交當(dāng)前事務(wù)。

COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

COPY

在表和文件之間拷貝數(shù)據(jù)。

COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
FROM { 'filename' | STDIN }
[ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ]
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
TO { 'filename' | STDOUT }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ]

CREATE AGGREGATE

定義一個(gè)新的聚集函數(shù)。

CREATE AGGREGATE name (
   BASETYPE = input_data_type,
   SFUNC = sfunc,
   STYPE = state_data_type
   [, FINALFUNC = ffunc ]
   [, INITCOND = initial_condition ]
)

CREATE CAST

定義一個(gè)用戶(hù)定義的轉(zhuǎn)換。

CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types)
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITHOUT FUNCTION
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER

定義一個(gè)新的約束觸發(fā)器 。

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name
AFTER events ON
table_name constraint attributes
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args )

CREATE CONVERSION

定義一個(gè)新的的編碼轉(zhuǎn)換。

CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name
FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name

CREATE DATABASE

創(chuàng)建新數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。

CREATE DATABASE name
[ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ]
   [ TEMPLATE [=] template ]
   [ ENCODING [=] encoding ]
   [ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] 
]

CREATE DOMAIN

定義一個(gè)新域。

CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type
[ DEFAULT expression ]
[ constraint [ ... ] ]

constraint 可以是以下選項(xiàng)之一：

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) }

CREATE FUNCTION

定義一個(gè)新函數(shù)。

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] )
RETURNS ret_type
{ LANGUAGE lang_name
   | IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE
   | CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT
   | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER
   | AS 'definition'
   | AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol'
} ...
[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]

CREATE GROUP

定義一個(gè)新的用戶(hù)組。

CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
Where option can be:
SYSID gid
| USER username [, ...]

CREATE INDEX

定義一個(gè)新索引。

CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ]
( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] )
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[ WHERE predicate ]

CREATE LANGUAGE

定義一種新的過(guò)程語(yǔ)言。

CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name
HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ]

CREATE OPERATOR

定義一個(gè)新的操作符。

CREATE OPERATOR name (
   PROCEDURE = func_name
   [, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ]
   [, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ]
   [, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ]
   [, HASHES ] [, MERGES ]
   [, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ]
   [, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ]
)

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS

定義一個(gè)新的操作符表。

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type
USING index_method AS
{ OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ]
   | FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] )
   | STORAGE storage_type
} [, ... ]

CREATE ROLE

定義一個(gè)新的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)角色。

CREATE ROLE _name_ [ [ WITH ] _option_ [ ... ] ]

where `_option_` can be:

      SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER
    | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
    | CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE
...

CREATE RULE

定義一個(gè)新重寫(xiě)規(guī)則。

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event
TO table [ WHERE condition ]
DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) }

CREATE SCHEMA

定義一個(gè)新模式。

CREATE SCHEMA schema_name
[ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ]
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username
[ schema_element [ ... ] ]

CREATE SERVER

定義一個(gè)新的外部服務(wù)器。

CREATE SERVER _server_name_ [ TYPE '_server_type_' ] [ VERSION '_server_version_' ]
    FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER _fdw_name_
    [ OPTIONS ( _option_ '_value_' [, ... ] ) ]

CREATE SEQUENCE

定義一個(gè)新序列發(fā)生器。

CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name
[ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

CREATE TABLE

定義一個(gè)新表。

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { 
   TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name ( { 
      column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
      | table_constraint
      | LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ] 
   } [, ... ]
)
[ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ]
[ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ]
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]

column_constraint 可以是以下選項(xiàng)之一：

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { 
   NOT NULL |
   NULL |
   UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
   PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
   CHECK (expression) |
   REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]
   [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
   [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] 
}
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

table_constraint 可以是以下選項(xiàng)之一：

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
CHECK ( expression ) |
FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] )
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, ... ] ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

CREATE TABLE AS

從一條查詢(xún)的結(jié)果中定義一個(gè)新表。

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name
[ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ]
AS query

CREATE TABLESPACE

定義一個(gè)新的表空間。

CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory'

CREATE TRIGGER

定義一個(gè)新的觸發(fā)器。

CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] }
ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments )

CREATE TYPE

定義一個(gè)新的數(shù)據(jù)類(lèi)型。

CREATE TYPE name AS
( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] )
CREATE TYPE name (
INPUT = input_function,
OUTPUT = output_function
[, RECEIVE = receive_function ]
[, SEND = send_function ]
[, ANALYZE = analyze_function ]
[, INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ]
[, PASSEDBYVALUE ]
[, ALIGNMENT = alignment ]
[, STORAGE = storage ]
[, DEFAULT = default ]
[, ELEMENT = element ]
[, DELIMITER = delimiter ]
)

CREATE USER

創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)用戶(hù)帳戶(hù)。

CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]

option 可以是以下選項(xiàng)之一：

SYSID uid
| [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| IN GROUP group_name [, ...]
| VALID UNTIL 'abs_time'

CREATE VIEW

定義一個(gè)視圖。

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query

DEALLOCATE

刪除一個(gè)準(zhǔn)備好的查詢(xún)。

DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name

DECLARE

定義一個(gè)游標(biāo)。

DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]
CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query
[ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ]

DELETE

刪除一個(gè)表中的行。

DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]

DROP AGGREGATE

刪除一個(gè)用戶(hù)定義的聚集函數(shù)。

DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CAST

刪除一個(gè)用戶(hù)定義的類(lèi)型轉(zhuǎn)換。

DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CONVERSION

刪除一個(gè)用戶(hù)定義的編碼轉(zhuǎn)換。

DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP DATABASE

刪除一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。

DROP DATABASE name

DROP DOMAIN

刪除一個(gè)用戶(hù)定義的域。

DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP FUNCTION

刪除一個(gè)函數(shù)。

DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP GROUP

刪除一個(gè)用戶(hù)組。

DROP GROUP name

DROP INDEX

刪除一個(gè)索引。

DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP LANGUAGE

刪除一個(gè)過(guò)程語(yǔ)言。

DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR

刪除一個(gè)操作符。

DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE }, { right_type | NONE } )
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR CLASS

刪除一個(gè)操作符表。

DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP ROLE

刪除一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)角色。

DROP ROLE [ IF EXISTS ] _name_ [, ...]

DROP RULE

刪除一個(gè)重寫(xiě)規(guī)則。

DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP SCHEMA

刪除一個(gè)模式。

DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP SEQUENCE

刪除一個(gè)序列。

DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TABLE

刪除一個(gè)表。

DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TABLESPACE

刪除一個(gè)表空間。

DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name

DROP TRIGGER

刪除一個(gè)觸發(fā)器定義。

DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TYPE

刪除一個(gè)用戶(hù)定義數(shù)據(jù)類(lèi)型。

DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP USER

刪除一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)用戶(hù)帳號(hào)。

DROP USER name

DROP VIEW

刪除一個(gè)視圖。

DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

END

提交當(dāng)前的事務(wù)。

END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

EXECUTE

執(zhí)行一個(gè)準(zhǔn)備好的查詢(xún)。

EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ]

EXPLAIN

顯示一個(gè)語(yǔ)句的執(zhí)行規(guī)劃。

EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement

FETCH

用游標(biāo)從查詢(xún)中抓取行。

FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

direction 可以是以下選項(xiàng)之一：

NEXT
PRIOR
FIRST
LAST
ABSOLUTE count
RELATIVE count
count
ALL
FORWARD
FORWARD count
FORWARD ALL
BACKWARD
BACKWARD count
BACKWARD ALL

GRANT

定義訪(fǎng)問(wèn)權(quán)限。

GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

INSERT

在表中創(chuàng)建新行，即插入數(shù)據(jù)。

INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
{ DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query }

LISTEN

監(jiān)聽(tīng)一個(gè)通知。

LISTEN name

LOAD

加載或重載一個(gè)共享庫(kù)文件。

LOAD 'filename'

LOCK

鎖定一個(gè)表。

LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]

lock_mode 可以是以下選項(xiàng)之一：

ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE
| SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE

MOVE

定位一個(gè)游標(biāo)。

MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

NOTIFY

生成一個(gè)通知。

NOTIFY name

PREPARE

創(chuàng)建一個(gè)準(zhǔn)備好的查詢(xún)。

PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement

REINDEX

重建索引。

REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]

RELEASE SAVEPOINT

刪除一個(gè)前面定義的保存點(diǎn)。

RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

RESET

把一個(gè)運(yùn)行時(shí)參數(shù)值恢復(fù)為默認(rèn)值。

RESET name
RESET ALL

REVOKE

刪除訪(fǎng)問(wèn)權(quán)限。

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

ROLLBACK

退出當(dāng)前事務(wù)。

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT

回滾到一個(gè)保存點(diǎn)。

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

SAVEPOINT

在當(dāng)前事務(wù)里定義一個(gè)新的保存點(diǎn)。

SAVEPOINT savepoint_name

SELECT

從表或視圖中取出若干行。

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

from_item 可以是以下選項(xiàng)：

[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] )
[ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] )
from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item
[ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ]

SELECT INTO

從一個(gè)查詢(xún)的結(jié)果中定義一個(gè)新表。

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

SET

修改運(yùn)行時(shí)參數(shù)。

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT }
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }

SET CONSTRAINTS

設(shè)置當(dāng)前事務(wù)的約束檢查模式。

SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }

SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

為當(dāng)前會(huì)話(huà)設(shè)置會(huì)話(huà)用戶(hù)標(biāo)識(shí)符和當(dāng)前用戶(hù)標(biāo)識(shí)符。

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

SET TRANSACTION

開(kāi)始一個(gè)事務(wù)塊。

SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]

Where transaction_mode is one of ?

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

SHOW

顯示運(yùn)行時(shí)參數(shù)的值。

SHOW name
SHOW ALL

START TRANSACTION

開(kāi)始一個(gè)事務(wù)塊。

START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]

transaction_mode 可以是下面的選項(xiàng)之一：

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

TRUNCATE

清空一個(gè)或一組表。

TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name

UNLISTEN

停止監(jiān)聽(tīng)通知信息。

UNLISTEN { name | * }

UPDATE

更新一個(gè)表中的行。

UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...]
[ FROM from_list ]
[ WHERE condition ]

VACUUM

垃圾收集以及可選地分析一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。

VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ table ]
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]

VALUES

計(jì)算一個(gè)或一組行。

VALUES ( _expression_ [, ...] ) [, ...]
    [ ORDER BY _sort_expression_ [ ASC | DESC | USING _operator_ ] [, ...] ]
    [ LIMIT { _count_ | ALL } ]
    [ OFFSET _start_ [ ROW | ROWS ] ]
    [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ _count_ ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]

更多內(nèi)容可以參考手冊(cè)中的 SQL 語(yǔ)法：http://www.runoob.com/manual/PostgreSQL/sql-syntax.html。

本文名稱(chēng)：創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)PostgreSQL教程PostgreSQL語(yǔ)法
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