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本文主要講述的是圖解MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)安裝與實(shí)際操作的介紹, 你是否對(duì)獲得圖解MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)安裝與實(shí)際實(shí)際操作感到十分頭疼?如果是這樣子的話,以下的文章將會(huì)給你相應(yīng)的解決方案。

1.圖解MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)安裝和操作:初始的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
(和PHP搭配之最佳組合)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的安裝和操作
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b.直接表示:select name '姓名' from students order by age
2.精確查找:
a.用in限定范圍:select * from students where native in ('湖南', '四川')
b.between...and:select * from students where age between 20 and 30
c.“=”:select * from students where name = '李山'
d.like:select * from students where name like '李%' (注意查詢條件中有“%”,則說(shuō)明是部分匹配,而且還有先后信息在里面,即查找以“李”開頭的匹配項(xiàng)。所以若查詢有“李”的所有對(duì)象,應(yīng)該命令:'%李%';若是第二個(gè)字為李,則應(yīng)為'_李%'或'_李'或'_李_'。)
e.[]匹配檢查符:select * from courses where cno like '[AC]%' (表示或的關(guān)系,與"in(...)"類似,而且"[]"可以表示范圍,如:select * from courses where cno like '[A-C]%')
3.對(duì)于時(shí)間類型變量的處理
a.smalldatetime:直接按照字符串處理的方式進(jìn)行處理,例如:
select * from students where birth > = '1980-1-1' and birth <= '1980-12-31'
4.圖解MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)安裝和操作.集函數(shù)
a.count()求和,如:select count(*) from students (求學(xué)生總?cè)藬?shù))
b.avg(列)求平均,如:select avg(mark) from grades where cno=’B2’
c.max(列)和min(列),求最大與最小
5.分組group
常用于統(tǒng)計(jì)時(shí),如分組查總數(shù):
- select gender,count(sno)
- from students
- group by gender
(查看男女學(xué)生各有多少)
注意:從哪種角度分組就從哪列"group by"
對(duì)于多重分組,只需將分組規(guī)則羅列。比如查詢各屆各專業(yè)的男女同學(xué)人數(shù) ,那么分組規(guī)則有:屆別(grade)、專業(yè)(mno)和性別(gender),所以有"group by grade, mno, gender"
- select grade, mno, gender, count(*)
- from students
- group by grade, mno, gender
通常group還和having聯(lián)用,比如查詢1門課以上不及格的學(xué)生,則按學(xué)號(hào)(sno)分類有:
- select sno,count(*) from grades
- where mark<60
- group by sno
- having count(*)>1
6.UNION聯(lián)合
合并查詢結(jié)果,如:
- SELECT * FROM students
- WHERE name like ‘張%’
- UNION [ALL]
- SELECT * FROM students
- WHERE name like ‘李%’
7.圖解MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)安裝和操作.多表查詢
a.內(nèi)連接
- select g.sno,s.name,c.coursename
- from grades g JOIN students s ON g.sno=s.sno
- JOIN courses c ON g.cno=c.cno
(注意可以引用別名)
b.外連接
b1.左連接
- select courses.cno,max(coursename),count(sno)
- from courses LEFT JOIN grades ON courses.cno=grades.cno
- group by courses.cno
左連接特點(diǎn):顯示全部左邊表中的所有項(xiàng)目,即使其中有些項(xiàng)中的數(shù)據(jù)未填寫完全。
左外連接返回那些存在于左表而右表中卻沒(méi)有的行,再加上內(nèi)連接的行。
b2.右連接
與左連接類似
b3.全連接
- select sno,name,major
- from students FULL JOIN majors ON students.mno=majors.mno
兩邊表中的內(nèi)容全部顯示
c.自身連接
- select c1.cno,c1.coursename,c1.pno,c2.coursename
- from courses c1,courses c2 where c1.pno=c2.cno
采用別名解決問(wèn)題。
d.交叉連接
- select lastname+firstname from lastname CROSS JOIN firstanme
相當(dāng)于做笛卡兒積
8.嵌套查詢
a.用關(guān)鍵字IN,如查詢李山的同鄉(xiāng):
- select * from students
- where native in (select native from students where name=’ 李山’)
b.使用關(guān)鍵字EXIST,比如,下面兩句是等價(jià)的:
- select * from students
- where sno in (select sno from grades where cno=’B2’)
- select * from students where exists
- (select * from grades where
- grades.sno=students.sno AND cno=’B2’)
9.關(guān)于排序order
a.對(duì)于排序order,有兩種方法:asc升序和desc降序
b.對(duì)于排序order,可以按照查詢條件中的某項(xiàng)排列,而且這項(xiàng)可用數(shù)字表示,如:
- select sno,count(*) ,avg(mark) from grades
- group by sno
- having avg(mark)>85
- order by 3
10.圖解MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)安裝和操作.其他
a.對(duì)于有空格的識(shí)別名稱,應(yīng)該用"[]"括住。
b.對(duì)于某列中沒(méi)有數(shù)據(jù)的特定查詢可以用null判斷,如select sno,courseno from grades where mark IS NULL
c.注意區(qū)分在嵌套查詢中使用的any與all的區(qū)別,any相當(dāng)于邏輯運(yùn)算“||”而all則相當(dāng)于邏輯運(yùn)算“&&”
d.注意在做否定意義的查詢是小心進(jìn)入陷阱:
如,沒(méi)有選修‘B2’課程的學(xué)生 :
- select students.*
- from students, grades
- where students.sno=grades.sno
- AND grades.cno <> ’B2’
上面的查詢方式是錯(cuò)誤的,正確方式見下方:
- select * from students
- where not exists (select * from grades
- where grades.sno=students.sno AND cno='B2')
11.關(guān)于有難度多重嵌套查詢的解決思想:
如,選修了全部課程的學(xué)生:
- select *
- from students
- where not exists ( select *
- from courses
- where NOT EXISTS
- (select *
- from grades
- where sno=students.sno
- AND cno=courses.cno))
最外一重:從學(xué)生表中選,排除那些有課沒(méi)選的。用not exist。由于討論對(duì)象是課程,所以第二重查詢從course表中找,排除那些選了課的即可。
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