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- 4.1. 安裝方式
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- 4.1.1. 從CD-ROM/DVD-ROM安裝
- 4.1.2. 從U盤引導(dǎo)
- 4.1.3. 從網(wǎng)絡(luò)引導(dǎo)安裝
- 4.1.4. 其他安裝方式
- 4.2. 安裝，一步一步來
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- 4.2.1. 引導(dǎo)和開始安裝
- 4.2.2. 選擇語言
- 4.2.3. 選擇國家
- 4.2.4. 選擇鍵盤布局
- 4.2.5. 檢測硬件
- 4.2.6. 加載組件
- 4.2.7. 檢測網(wǎng)絡(luò)硬件
- 4.2.8. 配置網(wǎng)絡(luò)
- 4.2.9. 管理員密碼
- 4.2.10. 建第一個用戶
- 4.2.11. 配置時鐘
- 4.2.12. 檢測磁盤和其他設(shè)備
- 4.2.13. 開始分區(qū)的工具
- 4.2.14. 安裝基本系統(tǒng)
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4.2.15. 配置包管理 (
apt) - 4.2.16. Debian 軟件包流行度競賽
- 4.2.17. 選擇安裝包
- 4.2.18. 安裝 GRUB 引導(dǎo)程序
- 4.2.19. 完成安裝并重啟
- 4.3. 在首次啟動之后
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- 4.3.1. 安裝附加軟件
- 4.3.2. 升級系統(tǒng)
為了使用Debian,你需要把它安裝到計算機(jī)上；這項任務(wù)涉及
debian-installer程序。合理的安裝涉及到許多操作。這章將按照時間順序來介紹。
基本知識預(yù)備知識見附錄
當(dāng)你熟悉了計算機(jī)工作的方式安裝過程是很簡單的。否則請移步到 附錄 B,
簡短輔導(dǎo)課程。 The installer for
Buster is based on
debian-installer. Its modular design enables it to work in various scenarios and allows it to evolve and adapt to changes. Despite the limitations implied by the need to support a large number of architectures, this installer is very accessible to beginners, since it assists users at each stage of the process. Automatic hardware detection, guided partitioning, and graphical user interfaces have solved most of the problems that newbies used to face in the early years of Debian. Installation requires 128 MB of RAM (Random Access Memory) and at least 2 GB of hard drive space. All Falcot computers meet these criteria. Note, however, that these figures apply to the installation of a very limited system without a graphical desktop. A minimum of 1 GB of RAM and 10 GB of hard drive space are really recommended for a basic office desktop workstation.
BEWARE Upgrading from Stretch
If you already have Debian
Stretch installed on your computer, this chapter is not for you! Unlike other distributions, Debian allows updating a system from one version to the next without having to reinstall the system. Reinstalling, in addition to being unnecessary, could even be dangerous, since it could remove already installed programs. 升級過程會在 第 6.7 節(jié) “升級至下個穩(wěn)定發(fā)行版” 描述。
4.1. 安裝方式
Debian系統(tǒng)可以從不同媒介安裝，只要機(jī)器BIOS允許的話?？梢詮墓怛?qū)，U盤，甚至是網(wǎng)絡(luò)引導(dǎo)安裝。
基本知識 BIOS, 硬件/軟件界面
主板（連接所有外設(shè)的電子板）上的BIOS（基本輸入／輸出系統(tǒng)）在引導(dǎo)操作系統(tǒng)之前被執(zhí)行。它在背后作為計算機(jī)硬件和操作系統(tǒng)（這里是指Linux內(nèi)核）連接的接口。
4.1.1. 從CD-ROM/DVD-ROM安裝
最常見的安裝介質(zhì)是從CD光驅(qū)（或者DVD光驅(qū)，都一樣）：計算機(jī)從此處引導(dǎo)，然后安裝程序接管。 Various CD-ROM families have different purposes:
netinst (network installation) contains the installer and the base Debian system; all other programs are then downloaded. Its “image”, that is the ISO-9660 filesystem that contains the exact contents of the disk, only takes up about 150 to 280 MB (depending on architecture). On the other hand, the complete set offers all packages and allows for installation on a computer that has no Internet access; it requires around 16 DVD-ROMs (or 4 Blu-ray disks). There is no more official CD-ROMs set as they were really huge, rarely used and now most of the computers use DVD-ROMs as well as CD-ROMs. But the programs are divided among the disks according to their popularity and importance; the first disk will be sufficient for most installations, since it contains the most used software. 最后一種類型的安裝鏡像文件就是熟知的
mini.iso, 該文件僅可作為安裝器的副產(chǎn)品。 該鏡像僅包含配置網(wǎng)絡(luò)所需的最小需求，其它的任何東西都需要下載（包括安裝器本身部分，所以新版本的安裝器發(fā)布時該鏡像就沒有用了）。這些鏡像可在常規(guī)的Debian鏡像站點(diǎn)的
dists/release/main/installer-arch/current/images/netboot/目錄下找到。
技巧 多架構(gòu)盤
大部分安裝 CD 和 DVD 光驅(qū)只適合于特定的硬件架構(gòu)。如果你希望下載完整鏡像，你必須仔細(xì)選擇適合你硬件架構(gòu)的那種。 Some CD/DVD-ROM images can work on several architectures. We thus have a CD-ROM image combining the
netinst images of the
i386 and
amd64 architectures. To acquire Debian CD-ROM images, you may, of course, download them and burn them to disk. You may also purchase them, and, thus, provide the project with a little financial support. Check the website to see the list of DVD-ROM image vendors and download sites. → https://www.debian.org/CD/index.html
4.1.2. 從U盤引導(dǎo)
因為大多數(shù)計算機(jī)能夠從 USB 設(shè)備啟動，所以你也可以從 USB 盤（小閃存盤）安裝 Debian。 安裝指南說明了怎樣做一個包含
debian-installer的 USB 盤。安裝過程很簡單， 因為i386 和 amd64 架構(gòu)的 ISO 鏡像是混合（在一起）的， 從 USB 盤引導(dǎo)像從 CD 引導(dǎo)一樣。 You must first identify the device name of the USB key (ex:
/dev/sdb); the simplest means to do this is to check the messages issued by the kernel using the
dmesg command. Then you must copy the previously downloaded ISO image (for example, debian-10.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso) with the command
cat debian-10.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso >/dev/sdb; sync. This command requires administrator rights, since it accesses the USB key directly and blindly erases its content. A more detailed explanation is available in the installation manual. Among other things, it describes an alternative method of preparing a USB key that is more complex, but that allows to customize the installer's default options (those set in the kernel command line). → https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/amd64/ch04s03
4.1.3. 從網(wǎng)絡(luò)引導(dǎo)安裝
許多的 BIOS 允許從網(wǎng)絡(luò)上下載內(nèi)核和一個最小化的文件系統(tǒng)鏡像并直接以此進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)引導(dǎo)。這種方法（有幾種不同的名稱，比如 PXE 或者 TFTP 引導(dǎo)）在計算機(jī)沒有光驅(qū)、或者 BIOS 無法從其它介質(zhì)進(jìn)行引導(dǎo)的時候就是最后的一條救命稻草了。 這種安裝方法分兩個步驟。第一步，在引導(dǎo)計算機(jī)時， BIOS（或者網(wǎng)卡）發(fā)出一個 BOOTP/DHCP 請求以自動獲取 IP 地址。BOOTP 或 DHCP 服務(wù)器返回的響應(yīng)將包含一個文件名以及當(dāng)前網(wǎng)絡(luò)的設(shè)定情況。在配置好網(wǎng)絡(luò)后，客戶端計算機(jī)發(fā)出一個 TFTP（簡單文件傳輸協(xié)議）請求，所請求的文件名稱由先前的響應(yīng)決定。在文件獲取完成后，它將作為一個引導(dǎo)程序被計算機(jī)執(zhí)行。此后，它將會啟動 Debian 安裝程序，安裝程序?qū)⒄＿\(yùn)行，就好像它是從硬盤、CD-ROM 或是 U 盤引導(dǎo)運(yùn)行而來的那樣。 All the details of this method are available in the installation guide (“Preparing files for TFTP Net Booting” section). → https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/amd64/ch05s01#boot-tftp-x86 → https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/amd64/ch04s05
4.1.4. 其他安裝方式
When we have to deploy customized installations for a large number of computers, we generally choose an automated rather than a manual installation method. Depending on the situation and the complexity of the installations to be made, we can use FAI (Fully Automatic Installer, described in 第 12.3.1 節(jié) “Fully Automatic Installer (FAI)”), or even a customized installation DVD with preseeding (see 第 12.3.2 節(jié) “預(yù)設(shè)值 Debian 安裝”).
文章題目：【Debian管理員手冊】第?4?章?安裝
文章起源：http://www.dlmjj.cn/article/dhgichj.html
